Studies on radiation grafting of hydrophilic monomer onto chitin for ion exchange application were examined . Over the past several years , chitin has been receiving increased attention for its application such as ion exchange . They are utilized scarcely because of problems associated with poor solubility, hidrophilicity and low reactivity. Graft copolymerization induced by irradiation is one of the methods for chitin modification in order to improve its properties such as hydrophilicity and reactivity. The aim of this research is to increasing the ability of chitin as ion exchange for heavy metal adsorbent. The hydrophilic monomers used were acrylic acid and acryl amide. In the present experiment , the pre-radiation per oxidized method was employed . The irradiation of sample was carried out in Co-60 gamma irradiation source at room temperature . The monomers solutions acrylic acid or acryl amide than introduce into irradiated chitin and the graft polymerization was carried out in nitrogen atmosphere. The presentation of grafting has been determined as a variation of monomer concentration and temperature as a function of time of reaction. The grafted chitin obtained was washed and dried in vacuum and the percentage of grafting was measured by gravimetric method . Measuring the capasity of adsorption of grafted chitin to Cr, Cu and Hg metal ion was determined by using AAS and CV AAS. The result shows that using acryl amide give percentage of grafting higher compare with acrylic acid. The presence of monomer grafted onto chitin is demonstrated by FTIR spectrum with the appearing of carbonyl functional group. Chitin grafted with acrylic acid give a higher rate of adsorption of metal ion Cr, Cu and Hg compare grafted with acryl amide. The high rate of adsorption is for metal ion Hg it was found 294.3 mg/g for chit-g-Aac and 257.3 mg/g for Chit-g-Aam.
- Using acryl amide give percentage of grafting higher compare with acrylic acid.
- The presence of monomer grafted onto chitin is demonstrated by FTIR spectrum with the appearing of carbonyl functional group.
- The optimal condition of monomer acrylic acid or acryl amide concentration was 30 %, temperature 700 C and reaction period of 3 hours.
- Chitin grafted with acrylic acid give a higher capacity of adsorption of metal ion Cr, Cu and Hg compare grafted with acryl amide.
- The high rate of adsorption is for metal ion Hg it was found 488,9 mg/g for chitosan-g-Aac and 464,2 mg/g for Chitosan-g-Aam.
Among the surplus of selections a student has for eleventh and twelfth grades, considered to b the gateway into the portals of a University education, the Karnataka Pre University Education stands out as number one among equals.
The syllabus is comprehensive as well as brief but has enough scope for lecturer to go beyond the brief particularly when it comes to the sciences. This doesn’t mean that the Commerce and Liberal Arts are neglected. On the contrary, these streams provide a much wider range of the subject combinations. Bangalore particularly and Karnataka basically have of a phalanx of engineering and medical colleges & the CET for professional courses, and that is the pride of state. Rising to the challenge, the Pre university Board has, through the years, honed the program of study (or do I say curriculum?) that prepares the student to prepare for competitive examinations for entry into courses starting from architecture to veterinary sciences….And here’s the pleasant surprise, the languages, both English and Kannada have not been neglected!
An enlightened department of education, ably led by a young and enthusiastic minister for primary & secondary education, constantly strives not only to revise the syllabus but additionally upgrade key personnel with periodic training programs & brainstorming sessions & is striving to offer infrastructure and tools that enable learning.
The Board conducts the yearly PU examination extend across lots of centres in the state and organize systematic and well-organized valuation of papers where transparency is a watchword. Students be able to request photocopies of the answer papers and there is room for an request for revaluation and not only retotalling.
Not surprisingly, the Primus trust has taken a way breaking initiative to start the Primus Pre university College in its superb campus off Sarjapur road, Bangalore. The college boasts of state of art infrastructure which incorporates laboratories, audio visual aids, smart boards…… briefly, the works!!!! A team of well qualified along with extremely trained instructors who’re a mix of youthful exuberance as well as the knowledge that comes only from experience. Admissions to the Primus PUC are underway and the college is getting students from several streams just like the IGCSE, ICSE, CBSE including State Boards.
Small surprise that the students from Pre university courses are given first preference for admission to colleges in the state. After all, like charity, patriotism also begins at home.
